化工儀器網
技術文章
測量應用案例-20210301
閱讀：1593 發布時間：2021-3-4文獻名： Bioinspired DNA nanocockleburs for targeted delivery of doxorubicin
作者： Si Suna, Nihad Cheragab, Han-Ning Jiangb, Qian-Ru Xiaob, Peng-Cheng Gaoa, Yang Wanga, Ying-Ying Weia, Xiao-Wei Wangc, Yong Jianga
a School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, PR China
b State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Sciences and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, PR China
c Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210036, PR China
摘要：A variety of three-dimensional DNA assemblies have been proposed as drug carriers owing to their good biocompatibility and easy fabrication. In this study, inspired by the structure of cockleburs, a novel aptamer-tethered DNA assembly was developed for effective targeted drug delivery. The Apt-nanocockleburs were fabricated via a facile process of DNA base pairing: four complementary DNA single strands, including one aptamer-ended strand and three sticky-end strands, were applied to pair with each other. The main body of the nanocockleburs can load doxorubicin (Dox) whilst the covered aptamer spines bind to the target MCF-7 cells. The self-assembled Apt-nanocockleburs exhibit higher cell uptake as well as increased cytotoxicity to MCF-7 cells than DNA nanocockleburs without aptamers. This study provided a DNA constructing platform to produce new drug carriers with high selectivity for cancer targeted drug delivery.
關鍵詞：Self-assembly; DNA nanocockleburs; Target drug delivery; Aptamers
測量應用案例-20210302
文獻名： Amylose crystal seeds: Preparation and their effect on starch retrogradation
作者： Bihua Zhuab, Jinling Zhanac, Long Chenab, Yaoqi Tianab
a State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, China
b School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, China
c National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
摘要：The relationship between the short-term retrogradation dominated by amylose and the long-term retrogradation dominated by amylopectin still lacks specific experimental confirmation. In order to explore this relationship, four types of amylose crystal seeds (ACS) were prepared and added to native rice starch to intervene the long-term retrogradation. The average particle size of ACS was 200–450 nm. The maximum relative crystallinity of retrograded starch increased from 13.64% to 17.88% under the intervention of ACS. The ratio of absorbance at 1047 to 1022 cm−1 of retrograded starch increased from 0.670 to the maximum 0.887. The retrogradation rate constant increased significantly from 0.024 up to 0.051 d−1. The long-range order, short-range order, and retrogradation rate of retrograded starch all increased significantly, which indicated that the intervention of ACS promoted the long-term retrogradation of starch. These findings provided data support for the analysis of correlation between different stages of starch retrogradation.
關鍵詞：Amylose crystal seeds; Long-term retrogradation; X-ray diffraction; Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy; Differential scanning calorimetry
測量應用案例-20210303
文獻名： Facile modification of protein-imprinted polydopamine coatings over nanoparticles with enhanced binding selectivity
作者： Wenyan Hana, Xiao Hanb, Zhiqiang Liub, Shiting Zhangb, Yang Lic, Jinyan Lua, Jian Chena, Lailiang Oua, Guoqi Fub
a Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials of Ministry of Education , College of Life Science, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
b Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
c College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, 38 Tongyan Road, Tianjin 300071, China
摘要：Mussel-inspired dopamine (DA) self-polymerization over a variety of substrates has become a simple but versatile approach for synthesis of surface protein-imprinted materials. However, relatively high nonspecific binding to the imprinted polydopamine (PDA) coatings has long been an open problem because of their multifunctionalities. We herein propose a facile strategy for reduction of the nonspecific adsorption by covering the imprinted PDA coatings with slightly crosslinked nonlinear poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) layers via aqueous precipitation polymerization before template removal. Vinyl groups are introduced onto the PDA coatings via Cu2+ mediated metal coordination for facilitating surface polymerization. The Cu2+ and embedded template are removed after polymerization. For proof of hypothesis, the protein imprinted PDA coatings were formed with SiO2 nanoparticles as representative nano-supports and lysozyme as a model protein template. Protein binding tests show that the grafted PEG layers with an optimized feed crosslinking degree can significantly enhance both recognition selectivity and specific binding capacity to the imprinted nanoparticles, typically with the imprinting factor increasing from 2.6 to 6.4. Also, the PEG layers can remarkably improve the stability of the PDA coatings in the acidic template removal solution. The presented strategy represents the first example for PEGylation of protein-imprinted PDA coatings, and may be extended for surface imprinting of other bio/organic molecules over other substrate materials.
關鍵詞：Protein imprinting; Molecular imprinting; Polydopamine; Mussel-inspired coatings; Aqueous precipitation polymerization; Nanoparticles
測量應用案例-20210304
文獻名： Formulation and Characterization of Antithrombin Perfluorocarbon Nanoparticles
作者： Alexander J. Wilson1, Qingyu Zhou2, Ian Vargas1, Rohun Palekar3, Ryan Grabau1, Hua Pan1, Samuel A. Wickline1
1.The USF Health Heart InstituteUniversity of South FloridaTampaUSA
2.College of PharmacyUniversity of South FloridaTampaUSA
3.Department of Biomedical EngineeringWashington University in St. LouisSt. LouisUSA
摘要：Thrombin, a major protein involved in the clotting cascade by the conversion of inactive fibrinogen to fibrin, plays a crucial role in the development of thrombosis. Antithrombin nanoparticles enable site-specific anticoagulation without increasing bleeding risk. Here we outline the process of making and the characterization of bivalirudin and d-phenylalanyl-l-prolyl-l-arginyl-chloromethyl ketone (PPACK) nanoparticles. Additionally, the characterization of these nanoparticles, including particle size, zeta potential, and quantification of PPACK/bivalirudin loading, is also described.
關鍵詞：Perfluorocarbon nanoparticles; Thrombin; PPACK; Bivalirudin; Anticoagulation
測量應用案例-20210305
文獻名： One-pot preparation of zwitterionic graphene nanosheets with exceptional redispersibility and its application in pickering emulsions
作者： Jiawei Hua, Jiarui Houa, Shasha Huanga, Lu Zonga, Xiaodi Lib, Zhijun Zhangb, Yongxin Duana, Jianming Zhanga
a Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao City 266042, People's Republic of China.
b CAS Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China.
摘要：Using biomass materials as exfoliating agents to produce graphene is a promising strategy due to their biocompatibility, reproducibility and sustainability. However, it’s still a challenge to prepare high-concentration graphene dispersion using biomass exfoliating agents. Here, we present a green and facile method to prepare few layered graphene nanosheets in aqueous solution by one-pot ball milling in the presence of protein, casein (CN). The results show that CN protein could be acted as an efficient exfoliating and stabilizing agent, producing water-soluble graphene nanosheets with a concentration up to 2.14?mg?ml−1. As CN protein contains both amino and carboxyl groups, thus the prepared graphene nanosheets decorated with CN protein (GN-CN) show zwitterionically charged character and thereby can be stably dispersed under both acidic and alkaline conditions. Moreover, the oven-dried GN-CN hybrid exhibits exceptional redispersibility in water with a concentration as high as 100?mg?ml−1 and even more. Benefiting from the zwitterionic character, GN-CN shows the Pickering emulsion effect over a wide pH range. As a proof of concept, the application of the zwitterionic GN-CN as a Pickering emulsifier to prepare microcapsule phase change composite material has been successfully demonstrated.
關鍵詞：
測量應用案例-20210306
文獻名： Controlling the Size and Polymorphism of Calcium Carbonate Hybrid Particles Using Natural Biopolymers
作者： Mark Louis P. Vidallon, Fiona Yu, and Boon M. Teo
School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia 3800
摘要：Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) nanoparticles have diverse applications in biomedicine, including ultrasound imaging, biosensing, drug delivery, and theranostics. One of its crystal polymorphs, vaterite, exhibits many unique features, such as its high solubility, porosity, and spherical shape, which make it suitable for drug delivery; however, the instability of this polymorph makes the large-scale fabrication of these particles challenging. In this work, we utilized a fast precipitation technique to fabricate CaCO3 hybrid particles, with the biocompatible polymeric additives bovine serum albumin (BSA) and polydopamine (PDA), a polymer with unique optical properties. The results showed that BSA and PDA can be used together to produce hybrid particles with variable sizes and polymorph compositions, depending on the reaction or mixing time applied. We also demonstrated that, by controlling other fabrication process parameters, including the PDA polymerization time, addition order of the salts, and the pairing of the salts with the polymer additives, we could tune the physicochemical properties of the resulting CaCO3 hybrid particles. These findings are important in designing hybrid particle systems with tailored properties for specific applications, including contrast-enhanced ultrasound and photoacoustic imaging, drug delivery, photothermal therapy, and cancer theranostics.
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測量應用案例-20210307
文獻名： Optimal Optical Properties–Hardness Ratio of Antireflection Coating Produced from a Silica Sol with Hexadecyltrimethylammonium Bromide on Silicate Glass
作者： B. B. Troitskii, A. A. Lokteva, M. A. Novikova, T. I. Lopatina, and I. L. Fedyushkin
Razuvaev Institute of Organometallic Chemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences, Nizhny Novgorod, 603950 Russia
摘要：The effect of the hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide concentration in the silica sol, which is used to obtain antireflection coatings over silicate glass, on the light transmission of coated glass and the hardness of the coatings was studied. An increase in the concentration of hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide in the sol from 1.37 × 10–2 to 5.20 × 10–2 M increases the maximum light transmission of glass with an antireflective coating from 94.7 to 99.0%, and minimum, from 84.7 to 93.6%, reduces the refractive index of the coating from 1.43 up to 1.27. The 3H–4H coating hardness acceptable for practice can be achieved provided that the maximum light transmission of glass with a single-layer double-sided coating is ≤96.0–97.0%, the refractive index of the antireflection coating is ≥1.35–1.36, and the maximum volume content of nanopores in the coating is not more than 20.0–23.0 vol % .
關鍵詞：
測量應用案例-20210308
文獻名： Zein/fucoidan-based composite nanoparticles for the encapsulation of pterostilbene: Preparation, characterization, physicochemical stability, and formation mechanism
作者： Qianyuan Liuab, Jingjing Chenab, Yang Qinab, Bo Jiangab, Tao Zhangab
a State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
b International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
摘要：The objective of this work is to fabricate zein/fucoidan composite nanoparticles for the delivery of pterostilbene, a hydrophobic nutraceutical with diverse beneficial biological activities. Pterostilbene-encapsulated zein/fucoidan composite nanoparticles were prepared using an anti-solvent precipitation method. The fucoidan levels affected the physicochemical properties of the composite nanoparticles. When the zein to fucoidan mass ratio was 10:1, 5:1, 2:1, or 1:1, the prepared zein/fucoidan nanoparticles were stable, and these nanoparticles showed higher pterostilbene encapsulation efficiency than did zein nanoparticles. Fucoidan-stabilized zein nanoparticles exhibited globular structure with average diameters of 120–150 nm. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and fluorescence spectrum analysis confirmed that the formation of composite nanoparticles was mainly driven by electrostatic, hydrogen-bonding, and hydrophobic interactions between pterostilbene, zein, and fucoidan. Furthermore, the photochemical stability of pterostilbene encapsulated in zein/fucoidan nanoparticles was markedly better than that of pterostilbene loaded in zein nanoparticles or unencapsulated pterostilbene. Zein/fucoidan nanoparticles provided a better controlled release of pterostilbene than did zein nanoparticles under simulated gastrointestinal conditions. Moreover, the cytotoxicity assay demonstrated that zein/fucoidan nanoparticles were nontoxic to Caco-2, HK-2, and L-02 cells. Based on our results, the zein/fucoidan nanoparticles may be a promising delivery carrier for the encapsulation, protection, and release of pterostilbene.
關鍵詞：Pterostilbene; Zein/fucoidan composite nanoparticles; Formation mechanism
測量應用案例-20210309
文獻名： Biological active camellia oleifera protein nanoparticles for improving tumor microenvironment and drug delivery
作者： Xiaoping Qian,a Tinghui Shen,a Xiaoke Zhang,a Chongzhi Wang,a Weibo Cai,b Rongshi Chenga and Xiqun Jiang a
a MOE Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Materials and Technology, and Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
b Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
摘要：It is important for antitumor drugs to accumulate at the tumor site and penetrate deeply to play a role in treatment. However, it is difficult for the drugs to reach the destination on account of the complex tumor microenvironment such as elevated tumor interstitial fluid pressure (IFP) and solid stress. Here, we report a type of nanocarrier composed entirely of Camellia oleifera protein (COP), which could lower tumor IFP and solid stress. Its physicochemical properties, cellular uptake, in vitro cytotoxicity and tumor perfusion, biodistribution, and in vivo antitumor efficiency were evaluated. It was found that COP NPs had good cellular uptake ability and cytocompatibility. When loading doxorubicin, COP NPs showed an in vitro concentration-dependent cytotoxicity. Importantly, the tumor IFP and solid stress were greatly reduced after injecting COP NPs into tumor-bearing mice, leading to more drug accumulating in the tumor and a longer survival time for tumor-bearing mice. Therefore, our study provided a new strategy to improve the tumor microenvironment and to achieve better antitumor efficiency.
關鍵詞：
測量應用案例-20210310
文獻名： Characteristics of alkali-extracted peanut polysaccharide-protein complexes and their ability as Pickering emulsifiers
作者： Jianfen Ye, Xiao Hua, Qiyan Zhao, Ziyi Dong, Zhuoyuan Li, Wenbin Zhang, Ruijin Yang
State Key Laboratory of Food Science & Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 214122 Wuxi, Chin
摘要：An alkaline isolation method was applied to extract polysaccharide from residues of peanut oil processing while retaining high protein content, in order to enhance the emulsifying ability of these materials. The obtained complexes (PECs) containing protein (13–18%, dry basis) were named as PEC8.0, PEC10.0 and PEC12.0 according to extraction pH values. The protein content of PECs increased with increasing extraction pH value, thereby the hydrophobicity was improved. Additionally, as extraction pH value increased to 10.0, the protein of PECs covalently bonded to polysaccharide and polysaccharide conformation unfolded simultaneously, thus particle size was enlarged. Furthermore, the increasing concentration of PECs further induced the formation of large complex particles. Then, they were used to stabilize the Pickering emulsions with oil fractions (φ) of 0.4–0.7. The emulsions stability especially the gel structure was maintained by the interactions of large particles adsorbed in the interface and those in the continuous phase. Stability analysis indicated the emulsifying capacity of PEC10.0 and PEC12.0 was superior to that of PEC8.0, due to difference of their particle properties. This suggested the promoting effect of alkali in preparation of polysaccharide-protein complex as good Pickering stabilizer.
關鍵詞：Peanut; Polysaccharide-protein complex; Pickering emulsions
測量應用案例-20210311
文獻名： Role of water chemistry on stability, aggregation, and dissolution of uncoated and carbon-coated copper nanoparticles
作者： Ayenachew Tegenawa, George A. Soriala,, Endalkachew Sahle-Demessieb, Changseok Hanc
a Environmental Engineering Program, Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Cincinnati, 701 Engineering Research Center, 2901 Woodside Drive P.O. Box 210012, Cincinnati, OH, 45221-0012, UnitedStates
b U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Environmental Solution and Emergency Response, 26 W.MartinLuther Drive, Cincinnati, OH, 45268, United States
c Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, INHA University, 100 Inharo, Nam-gu Incheon, 22212, South Korea
摘要：Intentional or accidental release of copper nanoparticles (Cu-NPs) from consumer products during manufacturing, use, and end-of-life management could pose health and ecological risks. This paper presents a detailed study on the role of water chemistry on the fate of uncoated and carbon-coated Cu-NPs dispersed in aqueous cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) surfactant in the presence and absence of humic acids (HAs). A range of water chemistry and HAs had minimum impact on hydrodynamic diameter and zeta-potential values of uncoated and carbon-coated Cu-NPs. The water pH significantly (p < 0.001) affected the aggregation of uncoated Cu-NPs unlike that of carbon-coated Cu-NPs; however, the presence of HAs increased the stability of uncoated Cu-NPs. Although CTAB is considered as an efficient dispersant to stabilize Cu-NPs, the effect descended with time for uncoated Cu-NPs. The dissolution of Cu over time decreased with increasing pH for both uncoated (0.5–50% weight) and carbon-coated (0.5–40% weight) Cu-NPs. However, carbon-coated Cu-NPs exhibited significant dissolution (p < 0.001) at neutral pH than uncoated Cu-NPs may be due to the additional carbon it acquired during coating. Increasing HAs concentration from 0 to 15 mg L−1 at pH 5.5 inhibited aggregations but enhanced dissolution of the uncoated and carbon-coated Cu-NPs. These findings inform risk analysis of Cu-NPs including how Cu-NPs fate, mobility and bioavailability are modulated by particles coating and dispersant, HAs presence, water chemistry and exposure time in dispersion media.
關鍵詞：Aggregation; Cu-NPs fate; Ecological risks; Risk analysis; Water chemistry
測量應用案例-20210312
文獻名： Potential of Polymeric Films Loaded with Gold Nanorods for Local Hyperthermia Applications
作者： Álvaro Cárcamo-Martínez 1 , Juan Domínguez-Robles 1 , Brónach Mallon 1 , Md. Taifur Raman 2, Ana Sara Cordeiro 1 , Steven E. J. Bell 2 , Eneko Larrañeta 1 and Ryan F. Donnelly 1
1 School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK;
2 School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 5AG, UK;
摘要：Current strategies for the treatment of superficial non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) lesions include topical imoquimod, 5-fluorouracil, and photodynamic therapy. Although these treatments are effective, burning pain, blistering, and dermatitis have been reported as frequent side effects, making these therapies far from ideal. Plasmonic materials have been investigated for the induction of hyperthermia and use in cancer treatment. In this sense, the effectiveness of intratumorally and systemically injected gold nanorods (GnRs) in inducing cancer cell death upon near-infrared light irradiation has been confirmed. However, the in vivo long-term toxicity of these particles has not yet been fully documented. In the present manuscript, GnRs were included in a crosslinked polymeric film, evaluating their mechanical, swelling, and adhesion properties; moreover, their ability to heat up neonatal porcine skin (such as a skin model) upon irradiation was tested. Inclusion of GnRs into the films did not affect mechanical or swelling properties. GnRs were not released after film swelling, as they remained entrapped in the polymeric network; moreover, films did not adhere to porcine skin, altogether showing the enhanced biocompatibility of the material. GnR-loaded films were able to heat up the skin model over 40 °C, confirming the potential of this system for non-invasive local hyperthermia applications
關鍵詞：non-melanoma skin cancer; hyperthermia; gold nanorods; polymeric films; near infrared light; heating studies
測量應用案例-20210313
文獻名： Structural Study of Polystyrene-b-poly(acrylic acid) Micelles Complexed with Uranyl: A SAXS Core–Shell Model Analysis
作者： Qiang Tian, Di Zhang, Na Li, Mark Julian Henderson, Qintang Li, Guy Royal, Jérémie Courtois, Minhao Yan, Zhichao Zhu, and László Almásy
State Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and Technology, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
摘要：The interactions between natural colloidal organic matter and actinides in solutions are complex and not fully understood. In this work, a crew-cut polystyrene-b-poly(acry1ic acid) (PS-b-PAA) micelle is proposed as a model particle for humic acid (HA) colloid with the aim to better understand the sequestration, aggregation, and mobility of HA colloids in the presence of uranyl ions. The effects of uranyl ions on the structure of PS29k-b-PAA5k micelles in aqueous solution were mainly investigated by synchrotron small-angle X-ray scattering. A core–shell model, accounting for the thickness and contrast changes of the PAA corona induced by the adsorption of uranyl, was employed to analyze the scattering data. A combination of transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, and zetametry showed a strong affinity of uranyl ions to PAA segments in water at pH 4–5 that resulted in the shrinkage and improved contrast of the PAA corona, as well as colloidal destabilization at a high uranyl concentration.
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測量應用案例-20210314
文獻名： Purification of water from heavy metal ions by a dynamic membrane with a surface layer of cellulose acetate
作者： D D Fazullin and R D Fazylova
Kazan (Volga) Federal University, 423812, Russia, Republic of Tatarstan, Naberezhnye Chelny, Mira Avenue 68/19
摘要：To reduce the concentration of heavy metal ions in drinking, natural and wastewater to the established standards, a dynamic membrane with a surface layer of cellulose acetate particles on a nylon substrate was obtained. A dynamic membrane layer was formed from cellulose acetate particles with sizes from 42 to 130 nm. The cellulose acetate content was 14 % by weight, upon receipt from a 10 % solution of cellulose acetate in acetone. After applying a layer of cellulose acetate to the surface of a nylon substrate, a decrease in the specific productivity of the membranes is observed more than 10 times due to the formation of a dynamic layer on the surface and in the pores of the substrate. During the operation of the membrane for 1 hour, there is a decrease in the specific productivity of the membrane by 1.5 times and an increase in the working pressure from 0.35 to 0.41 MPa by 1.2 times. A high selectivity of the dynamic nylon-ACd membrane with respect to iron ions 96%, copper 93% and chromium 93% was established with a specific productivity of 300 dm3/m2
h and a pressure of 0.4 MPa. After purification of tap water with a dynamic membrane, the concentration of heavy metal ions does not exceed the MPC for water bodies for drinking water.
關鍵詞：
測量應用案例-20210315
文獻名： Gel properties of salty liquid whole egg as affected by preheat treatment
作者： Junhua Li, Chenying Wang, Luping Gu, Yujie Su, Cuihua Chang, Yanjun Yang
State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
摘要：Heat treatment is an indispensable processing step of seasoned liquid egg. The effects of preheat treatment (60–75 °C) on gel properties of liquid whole egg (LWE) at different NaCl concentrations (0–3%, w/w) were investigated to provide guidance for the production of salty LWE. Results showed that LWE exhibited higher particle size after heating, with coincidental increases in surface hydrophobicity and decreases in protein solubility. While LWE with NaCl added exhibited increase in protein solubility and decrease in particle size of aggregates. Electrophoresis and optical microscopy showed that NaCl would induce the transformation of egg granules from insoluble form to soluble form, inhibiting the aggregation of LWE proteins during preheat treatment, reflected by the reduced particle size. The analysis of gel aggregated force and texture indicated that NaCl addition and preheat treatment can improve gelling properties of LWE synergistically by strengthening the hydrophobic interaction and hydrogen bonds.